Книга: Mastering VMware® Infrastructure3

Creating and Managing LUNs

After you finish your debate on fibre channel versus iSCSI and you purchase one or the other, you will then have to spend some time devising the proper procedure for managing and implementing LUNs. We are discussing LUN creation and management separately from the fibre channel and iSCSI sections because of its independence from the actual storage architecture. Details on the configuration of fibre channel and iSCSI will follow.

A logical unit number (LUN) is a logical configuration of disk space carved from an underlying set of physical disks. The physical disks on which LUNs are configured are most often arranged as a Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) to support performance and/or redundancy for the data to be stored on the LUN. This section will look at RAID architectures, LUN addressing, and the age-old question of many little LUNs versus fewer big LUNs.

No matter your storage device, fibre channel or iSCSI, you will need to create LUNs, or at least work closely with someone who will create LUNs for you. Virtual machine performance can, in some cases, come down to a matter of having a solid LUN strategy in place for the activity level of that VM. Choosing the right RAID level for a LUN is therefore an integral part of your VI3 implementation. The most common types of RAID configurations are:

RAID 0 Disks configured in RAID 0 do not offer any type of redundancy or protection against drive failure. RAID 0 does, however, provide the fastest performance times because data is written simultaneously to all drives involved. A RAID 0 volume, also commonly referred to as a stripe, can have two or more disks as part of the array. Figure 4.4 outlines the structure of a RAID 0 configuration.

Figure 4.4 A RAID 0 disk configuration provides high-speed performance for data stored across a series of disks.

RAID 1 A RAID 1 configuration puts two identically sized allocations of space from two drives together for the provisioning of a backup strategy that allows for either of the drives to fail and still maintain data. A RAID 1 volume, also commonly referred to as a mirrored array, loses 50 percent of the available drive space. For example, two 500GB LUNs configured as a RAID 1 array will only provide 500GB of storage. Figure 4.5 outlines the structure of a RAID 1 configuration.

Figure 4.5 A RAID 1 disk array, or mirrored volume, provides redundancy in the event of a single drive failure. A RAID 1 array is the most expensive disk type because it incurs a 50 percent loss in the amount of storage.

RAID 5 A RAID 5 array writes data and parity simultaneously to all drives involved in the array. RAID 5 arrays provide redundancy in the event of a single drive failure by writing parity in equal increments across all drives. Parity is a mathematical calculation that allows N-1 drives the ability to make up the data on any other drive. A RAID 5 is the most efficient array when looking at disk space loss. The RAID 5 array only loses one drive's worth of space. For example, a RAID 5 array made up of four 250GB hard drives will have approximately 750GB of storage space available. Figure 4.6 outlines the structure of a RAID 5 configuration.

Figure 4.6 A RAID 5 array is commonly used because of its data protection and limited loss of space. Both data and parity are written equally across all drives in the array.

RAID 1+0/RAID 0+1 For a more advanced disk array configuration, a RAID 1+0 or RAID 0+1 might be used. These structures combine the use of RAID 0 and RAID 1 technologies. RAID 1+0 involves mirroring a stripe, while RAID 0+1 involves striping several mirrors.

One of the most common challenges facing VI3 administrators is the process of sizing LUNs. Administrators can quite easily determine the RAID levels of a LUN (as explained in the preceding paragraphs), but sizing the LUN is an entirely different challenge. To determine the size of a LUN, administrators must have a game plan for testing virtual machine performance or have a solid understanding of the functions of the virtual machine(s) to be located on a LUN. 

When it comes to LUN design and management, VMware defines two common philosophies: 

? The adaptive scheme

? The predictive scheme

Each scheme offers its own set of advantages and disadvantages to VI3 administrators. Undoubtedly, you will find that neither option is the appropriate solution in every situation. It is safe to say that most administrators will find themselves incorporating a blend of both philosophies as a means of compromise and earning the best of both worlds.

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