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Chris Cant i

Книги автора: Writing Windows WDM Device Drivers

Книга: Writing Windows WDM Device Drivers

IBM-Compatible PCs

The core hardware specification for PCs has hardly changed in years (i.e., it should be hardware compatible with the IBM AT specification).

This original specification defines standard hardware peripherals, either on the system motherboard or on plug-in cards. A PC needed a timer, keyboard controller, interrupt controller, real-time clock, two DMA controllers and page registers, serial ports and parallel ports.

Other peripherals soon became standard (e.g., IDE disk drives, CD-ROM drives, sound cards, and network cards).

These original devices had standard places where they had to live (e.g., they had set I/O port addresses, IRQ levels, and DMA lines). These are listed in Tables B.1, B.2, and B.3.

These devices were originally implemented by a host of different chips on the motherboard. Soon, chipsets appeared that combined all these devices.

Table B.1 Legacy ISA hardware system I/O (PC 99)

I/O Address	Default system function
`0000-000F`	Slave DMA
`0010-0018`	System
`0001F`	System
`0020-0021`	Master 8259
`0040-0043 0048-004B`	Programmable interrupt timer (PIT) #1, PIT #2
`0050-0052`	System
`0060`	Keyboard/mouse controller
`0061`	System control port B
`0064`	Keyboard/mouse status
`0070-0071`	Nonmaskable Interrupt (NMI) enable/real-time clock
`0081-008B`	DMA page registers
`0090-0091`	System
`0092`	System control port A
`0093-009F`	System
`00A0-00A1`	Slave interrupt controller
`00C0-00DE`	Master DMA controller
`00F0-00F1`	Coprocessor busy clear/reset
`0170-0177`	Secondary IDE controller
`01F0-01F7`	Primary IDE controller
`0201`	Joystick interface
`0220-022F`	Sound Blaster
`0278-027A`	LPT 2 (XT parallel port 3)
`02E8-02EF`	Alternate COM (4)
`02F8-02FF`	COM2
`0330-0331`	MPU-401
`0376`	IDE Controller
`0378-037A`	LPT1 (XT parallel port 2)
`0388-038B`	Frequency modulation (FM) synthesis
`03B0-03BB`	MDA, EGA/video graphics array (VGA)
`03BC-03BE`	LPT 3 (XT parallel port 1)
`03C0-03DF`	EGA/VGA
`03E0-03E7`	PCIC PCMCIA controllers
`03E8-03EF`	Alternate COM (3)
`03F0-03F7`	FDC
`03F8-03FF`	COM1
`0534-0537`	Windows Sound System-compatible
`0CF8-0CFB`	Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) ports

Table B.2 Legacy hardware IRQ assignment (PC 99)

Hardware IRQ	Default assignment
IRQ 0	System timer
IRQ 1	Keyboard
IRQ 2	Second programmable interrupt controller (PIC) cascade
IRQ 3	COM2
IRQ 4	COM1
IRQ 5	Sometimes LPT 2 — not considered fixed
IRQ 6	Standard floppy disk controller (FDC)
IRQ 7	LPT1
IRQ 8	Real-time clock/CMOS
IRQ 9	—
IRQ 10	Sometimes COM 4 — not considered fixed
IRQ 11	Sometimes COM 3 — not considered fixed
IRQ 12	PC/2-style mouse
IRQ 13	Coprocessor
IRQ 14	Primary Integrated Device Electronics (IDE) controller
IRQ 15	Secondary IDE controller

Table B.3 Legacy ISA hardware DMA considered fixed (PC 99)

Hardware DMA	System function (default)
DMA 0	ISA expansion
DMA 1
DMA 2	FDC
DMA 3	extended capabilities port (ECP) parallel port on LPT 1
DMA 4	DMA controller cascading
DMA 5
DMA 6
DMA 7

Over the years, various hardware developments have seen the light of day, such as MCA, EISA, PCI, and SCSI buses, with Plug and Play capability. Not all these developments have won market support.

PC 99 still supports all these "legacy" peripherals, if they are present in the system.

PCs have a Basic I/O System (BIOS) in ROM that runs when the computer is first switched on. This ROM finds the relevant operating system and runs its boot loader to start DOS, Windows 98, Windows 2000, or whatever.

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