Книга: Standard Template Library Programmer

upper_bound

upper_bound

Category: algorithms

Component type: function

Upper_bound is an overloaded name; there are actually two upper_bound functions.

template <class ForwardIterator, class LessThanComparable>
ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const LessThanComparable& value);
template <class ForwardIterator, class T, class StrictWeakOrdering>
ForwardIterator upper_bound(ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, const T& value, StrictWeakOrdering comp);

Upper_bound is a version of binary search: it attempts to find the element value in an ordered range [first, last) [1]. Specifically, it returns the last position where value could be inserted without violating the ordering. [2] The first version of upper_bound uses operator< for comparison, and the second uses the function object comp.

The first version of upper_bound returns the furthermost iterator i in [first, last) such that, for every iterator j in [first, i), value < *j is false.

The second version of upper_bound returns the furthermost iterator i in [first, last) such that, for every iterator j in [first, i), comp(value, *j) is false.

Defined in the standard header algorithm, and in the nonstandard backward-compatibility header algo.h.

For the first version:

• ForwardIterator is a model of Forward Iterator.

• LessThanComparable is a model of LessThan Comparable.

• The ordering on objects of type LessThanComparable is a strict weak ordering, as defined in the LessThan Comparable requirements.

• ForwardIterator's value type is the same type as LessThanComparable.

For the second version:

• ForwardIterator is a model of Forward Iterator.

• StrictWeakOrdering is a model of Strict Weak Ordering.

• ForwardIterator's value type is the same type as T.

• ForwardIterator's value type is convertible to StrictWeakOrdering's argument type.

For the first version:

• [first, last) is a valid range.

• [first, last) is ordered in ascending order according to operator<. That is, for every pair of iterators i and j in [first, last) such that i precedes j, *j < *i is false.

For the second version:

• [first, last) is a valid range.

• [first, last) is ordered in ascending order according to the function object comp. That is, for every pair of iterators i and j in [first, last) such that i precedes j, comp(*j, *i) is false.

The number of comparisons is logarithmic: at most log(last – first) + 1. If ForwardIterator is a Random Access Iterator then the number of steps through the range is also logarithmic; otherwise, the number of steps is proportional to last – first. [3]

int main() {
 int A[] = { 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 8 };
 const int N = sizeof(A) / sizeof(int);
 for (int i = 1; i <= 10; ++i) {
  int* p = upper_bound(A, A + N, i);
  cout << "Searching for " << i << ". ";
  cout << "Result: index = " << p – A << ", ";
  if (p != A + N) cout << "A[" << p – A << "] == " << *p << endl;
  else cout << "which is off-the-end." << endl;
 }
}

The output is:

Searching for 1. Result: index = 1, A[1] == 2
Searching for 2. Result: index = 2, A[2] == 3
Searching for 3. Result: index = 5, A[5] == 5
Searching for 4. Result: index = 5, A[5] == 5
Searching for 5. Result: index = 6, A[6] == 8
Searching for 6. Result: index = 6, A[6] == 8
Searching for 7. Result: index = 6, A[6] == 8
Searching for 8. Result: index = 7, which is off-the-end.
Searching for 9. Result: index = 7, which is off-the-end.
Searching for 10. Result: index = 7, which is off-the-end.

[1] Note that you may use an ordering that is a strict weak ordering but not a total ordering; that is, there might be values x and y such that x < y, x > y, and x == y are all false. (See the LessThan Comparable requirements for a more complete discussion.) Finding value in the range [first, last) , then, doesn't mean finding an element that is equal to value but rather one that is equivalent to value: one that is neither greater than nor less than value. If you're using a total ordering, however (if you're using strcmp, for example, or if you're using ordinary arithmetic comparison on integers), then you can ignore this technical distinction: for a total ordering, equality and equivalence are the same.

[2] Note that even if an element that is equivalent to [1] value is already present in the range [first, last), the return value of upper_bound will not point to that element. The return value is either last or else an iterator i such that value < *i. If i is not equal to first, however, then *(i – 1) is less than or equivalent to value.

[3] This difference between Random Access Iterators and Forward Iterators is simply because advance is constant time for Random Access Iterators and linear time for Forward Iterators.

lower_bound, equal_range, binary_search

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